Vicious cycles

An unusual feature of the Encyclopedia is the identification of feedback loops and cycles. There has long been recognition of how one problem can impact on another. This Encyclopedia registers many relationships between problems in complex networks. Such relationships may form chains or pathways linking many problems. Hidden in the data as presented is also the existence of chains that loop back on themselves. 
 
Functionally and conceptually such vicious cycles may offer a better way to approach complex networks of problems. Any organization or policy maker focusing on a single problem needs to be aware of any vicious cycle of which that problem is a part. Unless the other problems in that cycle are addressed, the work towards a solution may be undermined, or worse, reinforcing other problems. Despite apparent success in responding to a particular problem in the short term, a narrow approach may not sustainably impact on its target problem if it is encouraging a vicious cycle. The problem may be regenerated by pressures building up in other parts of the cycle.
 
Currently detected loops can be found below. More details about vicious cycles can be found here.
 
Options:
There are 228 loops containing 4 nodes. The longest loop has 4 nodes.
 
  1. Substance abuse > Cultivation of illegal drugs > Economic dependence of countries on the drug trade > Inadequate drug control
  2. Unadapted community structures > Unstructured local government in small communities > Lack of systems for achieving grassroots agreement > Disengagement of citizens from community activities
  3. Economic and industrial production instability > Prohibitive cost of living > Poor living conditions > Strikes
  4. Paralysis of elders faced with the future > Restrictive patterns of tradition-bound lifestyle > Inappropriate application of traditional values > Historically determined concerns
  5. Informal sector > Underpayment for work > Second employment > Lack of jobs
  6. Numbness towards others > Psychological ungroundedness > Fear of personal insecurity > Fear of intimacy
  7. Felt community powerlessness > Lack of leadership initiative > Unformed pattern of cooperative action > Community under-fulfilment
  8. Hero worship > Religious deception > Institutional lying > Propaganda
  9. Natural environment degradation > Shortage of natural resources > Unbridled competition for scarce resources > Unethical practices in natural resource management
  10. Chronic alcoholism > Human ageing > Loneliness > Stress in human beings
  11. Substandard shipping vessels > Marine accidents > Wrecks and derelicts as hazards > Corrosion of ships
  12. Irrelevant scientific activity > Irrelevance of science and technology > Unrigorous academic disciplines > Self-perpetuating academic sub-cultures
  13. Kidney disorders > Hypertension > Gout > Vascular disease
  14. Fragmentation of religious belief > Religious intolerance > Religious and political antagonism > Disintegration of organized religion
  15. Intimidation in the workplace > Overwork > Night work > Occupational stress
  16. Economic and industrial production instability > US dollar dominance of world economy > National public debt > Economic inflation
  17. Bureaucratic inaction > Inadequate public information concerning problems > Underreported issues > Non-recognition of problems
  18. Unexplored opportunities for community education > Limited availability of education in rural areas > Unequal access to education among countries > Debilitating education images
  19. Educational elitism > Denial of education to minorities > Cultural isolation > Inequality in education
  20. Departure of business from small communities to urban locations > Ineffectiveness of tradition-bound small business methods > Socio-economically inactive population > Limited local markets for goods and services
  21. Inconclusiveness of scientific and medical tests > Procrastination of science in the face of the unexplained > Non-recognition of health problems by the medical profession > Suppression of scientific information
  22. Religious schism > Disruptive religious fundamentalism > Bibliolatry > Disagreement concerning religious doctrine
  23. Deliberate ignorance during policy-making > Irresponsible delimitation of policy responsibilities > Blame avoidance > Avoidance of decision-making
  24. Reduced interior structure of families > Increased family fragmentation > Diffusion of family role expectations > Limitations of monogamy
  25. Incompetent household management > Unethical consumption practices > Extravagant life style > Shortage of domestic servants
  26. Suppression of information concerning social problems > Governmental bias in statistics > Statistical understatement > Misuse of statistics
  27. Economic inflation > Instability of prices > Economic uncertainty > Underproductivity
  28. Harmful tattooing > Unsightly skin blemishes > Discrimination against unattractive people > Dissatisfaction with personal image
  29. Silting of water systems > Water flow obstructions in watercourses > Environmentally destructive redirection of water flows > Interruption of water courses
  30. Fear > Arrogance > Unbridled competition > Aggression
  31. Unexplored opportunities for community education > Limited availability of education in rural areas > Illiteracy as an obstacle to acquiring skills > Attitudinal obstacles to practical education
  32. Dependence on religion > Monasticism > Religious intolerance > Religious rivalry
  33. Neglect of victims of crime > Serial victimization > Blaming victims > Intimidation of victims of crimes
  34. Danger > Insecurity > Uncertainty > Influencelessness
  35. Hypertension > Gout > Vascular disease > Polycystic kidney disease
  36. Failure to take account of externalities of systems > Accountability based solely on profit > Lack of social accounting in the business community > Public non-accountability in control of production processes
  37. Disharmony of Wood in the body > Disharmony of Earth in the body > Disharmony of Fire in the body > Disharmony of Metal in the body
  38. Inequality before the law > Mistrust of system of justice > Collapse of judicial system > Miscarriage of justice
  39. Paralysis of elders faced with the future > Limited social guidance from older generations > Unmeaningful social roles for the aged > Failure to profit from patterns of history
  40. Family breakdown > Loneliness in old age > Retirement as a threat to psychological well-being > Chronic alcoholism
  41. Untested efficacy of environmental policy > False claims regarding environmental issues > Unrealistic environmentalism > Ecological authoritarianism
  42. Disharmony of water in the body > Disharmony of Fire in the body > Disharmony of Metal in the body > Disharmony of Earth in the body
  43. Economic and industrial production instability > Instability in trade > National public debt > Economic inflation
  44. Inadequate funding of international programmes > Inadequate facilities for international organization action > Inefficiency of international organizations > Loss of credibility in international institutions
  45. Ignorance > Uncertainty > Inactivity > Regression
  46. Unavailability of appropriate expertise > Dependence on external expertise > Inadequacies of foreign consultants > Irresponsible experts
  47. Limited historical method > Failure to profit from patterns of history > Commemoration of dishonourable historical events > Historical misrepresentation
  48. Cult of youth > Harmful tattooing > Unsightly skin blemishes > Dissatisfaction with personal image
  49. Delusions over responsibility for community improvements > Breakdown of local community cohesion > Prevailing community insecurity > Felt community powerlessness
  50. Water flow obstructions in watercourses > Environmentally destructive redirection of water flows > Environmental degradation due to creation of dams > Earthquakes
  51. Substance abuse > Illicit trade in prescribed drugs > Overprescription of drugs > Prescription of inappropriate drugs
  52. Propaganda > Intolerance > Censorship > Ignorance
  53. Natural environment degradation > Undervaluation of natural capital > Inadequate evaluation of environmental costs > Uncertain environmental impact of current policy
  54. Suppression of scientific information > Selective perception of facts > Procrastination of science in the face of the unexplained > Non-recognition of health problems by the medical profession
  55. Excessive government control > Proliferation of public sector institutions > Inadequate system of political checks and balances > Governmental incompetence
  56. Restrictive trade practices > Excessive external trade deficits > Decline in import capacity > Deflation
  57. Conflict of laws > Delays in elaboration of remedial legislation > Inadequate laws > Proliferation of legislation
  58. Natural environment degradation > Undervaluation of natural capital > Commercialization of nature > Undervaluation of nature in planning and decision making
  59. Resistance to internationally agreed standards > Violations of health and safety regulations > Inadequate provision of public safety > Inadequate legislation against environmental pollution
  60. Inadequately worded agreements > Unfairly negotiated treaties > Limited acceptance of international treaties > Ineffective international agreements
  61. Inadequate provision of public safety > Consumer vulnerability > Misrepresentation of information to consumers > Suppression of information concerning environmental safety
  62. Unchallenging world vision > Reinforced parochialism of internal values and images > Individualistic welfare responsibility > Lack of human unity
  63. Traditionalism > Discrepancies in human life evaluation > Abandonment by the international community > Occidentalism
  64. Fear of death > Excessive prolongation of the dying process > Inhibited grief process > Bereavement
  65. Manipulative cults > Religious deception > New Age spirituality > Religious superstition
  66. Hypertension > Gout > Arteriosclerosis > Polycystic kidney disease
  67. Unethical practices in natural resource management > Worldwide misallocation of resources > Scarce resources > Unbridled competition for scarce resources
  68. Medication side effects > Restrictive practices in trade in pharmaceutical products > Insufficient medical supplies > Adulteration of illicit drugs
  69. Disharmony of water in the body > Disharmony of Fire in the body > Disharmony of Wood in the body > Disharmony of Earth in the body
  70. Distorted media presentations > Decline in public interest broadcasting > Insufficient cultural media > Elitist public information
  71. Bilateralism in aid > Politically exploitative humanitarian aid > Reverse flow of financial aid > Restrictive conditions on loans through intergovernmental facilities
  72. Ethnic conflict > Civil war > Anarchism > National disintegration
  73. Heart failure > Cardiac insufficiency > Dyspnoea > Respiratory distress syndrome
  74. Disharmony of water in the body > Disharmony of Metal in the body > Disharmony of Wood in the body > Disharmony of Earth in the body
  75. Substance abuse > Inadequate sense of personal identity > Parental favouritism > Low self esteem
  76. Cultural isolation > Diverse unilingualism > Endangered unwritten languages > Illiteracy among indigenous peoples
  77. Inadequate education of indigenous peoples > Exploitation of indigenous populations in employment > Exploitation of child labour > Fragmented schooling
  78. Human death > Human denial of death > Excessive prolongation of the dying process > Pain
  79. Unethical practices in the legal system > Inadequate laws > Proliferation of legislation > Conflict of laws
  80. Military and economic hegemony > Cultural fragmentation > Lack of social mobility > Underdevelopment of countries
  81. Vulnerability of small nations to foreign intervention > Military insecurity and vulnerability > Non-viability of small states and territories > Second class states
  82. Inadequate drug control > Drug dependence > Illicit drug trafficking > Corruption of customs and excise officials
  83. Ideological conflict > Institutional conflict > Institutional fragmentation > Political fragmentation
  84. Deliberate ignorance during policy-making > Irresponsible delimitation of policy responsibilities > Blame avoidance > Avoidance of negative feedback
  85. Asphyxia > Anoxemia > Foetal infection > Complications of childbirth
  86. Unethical practices in the legal system > Inadequate laws > Proliferation of legislation > Ignorance of the law
  87. Inequality in distribution of energy resources among countries > Lack of integrated energy resource management > Undeveloped power resources > Inadequate energy supply infrastructure
  88. Uncontrolled urban development > Inappropriate local administrative organization > Unethical practices in local government > Irresponsible social designers
  89. Sexual unfulfilment > Pornography > Dissatisfaction with personal image > Human sexual disorders
  90. Police negligence > Mistrust of police > Police demoralization > Police indifference to community
  91. Taboo > Discrimination > Segregation > Lack of assimilation
  92. Censorship > Compulsory indoctrination > Extremism > Intolerance
  93. Silting of water systems > Floods > Soil erosion by water > Suspended matter in water
  94. Medication side effects > Restrictive practices in trade in pharmaceutical products > Insufficient medical supplies > Counterfeit drugs
  95. Economic inefficiency > Economic inflation > Instability of prices > Fluctuations in real value of money
  96. Failure to take account of externalities of systems > Undervaluation of asset replacement costs > Undervaluation of community wealth > Disregard for intrinsic value of nature
  97. Unfulfilled treaty obligations > Ineffective international agreements > Inadequately worded agreements > Unfairly negotiated treaties
  98. Global warming > Involuntary mass resettlement > Decline of traditional wild fire management > Air pollution from forest fires
  99. Production of non-essentials > Over-diversification of manufactured goods > Excess production capacity > Surplus medical doctors
  100. Inadequate research on proposed solutions to problems > Inadequate data > Unwillingness to resolve problems > Fixation on partial solutions to problems
  101. Theological collapse > Superficial religion > Loss of faith in religion > Secularization
  102. Uncontrolled immigration > Delays in processing immigration requests > Corruption of customs and excise officials > Refusal to issue travel documents, passports, visas
  103. Back pain > Kidney disorders > Hypertension > Gout
  104. Burden of servicing foreign public debt > Insufficient national creditworthiness > Excessive anxiety on overseas lending > Restrictive conditions on loans through intergovernmental facilities
  105. Fear > Arrogance > Unbridled competition > Deception
  106. Distorted exclusiveness of social groups > Theocracy > Religious discrimination > Underprivileged religious minorities
  107. Disharmony of water in the body > Disharmony of Fire in the body > Disharmony of Metal in the body > Disharmony of Wood in the body
  108. Parochial leadership posture > Extreme detachment from represented constituency > Lack of leadership initiative > Unconvincing alternatives to existing societies
  109. Inappropriate assumptions > Preservation of obsolete systems > Institutional incapacity > Irrelevant institutions
  110. Unconscious patterned behaviour > Suppression of creativity and innovation > Inadequacy of prevailing learning systems > Restrictive social practices
  111. Complications of childbirth > Excessive medical intervention in childbirth > Resistance to incorporating midwives in medical care systems > Unsupervised home births
  112. Trafficking in children for adoption > Adoption of children by unsuitable parents > Annulment of adoption > Childlessness
  113. Undermined citizen confidence > Resignation to problems > Lack of urgency in village operations > Debilitating education images
  114. Unsustainable economic development > Inadequacy of economic accounting systems > Inadequate public finance statistics > Inadequate economic policy-making
  115. Lack of appreciation of cultural differences > Insufficient minority culture support > Cultural arrogance > Cultural imperialism
  116. Limitation of current scientific knowledge > Questionable facts > Unproven relationships among problems > Complex interrelationship of world problems
  117. Obesity > Abnormal blood fats > Diseases of metabolism > Chemical imbalances in the brain
  118. Ethnic discrimination > Plural society tensions > Segregation > Lack of assimilation
  119. Inhibited scientific investigation > Irrelevant scientific activity > Anti-science > Unjustly persecuted scientists
  120. Natural environment degradation > Undervaluation of natural capital > Failure to take account of externalities of systems > Unconstrained exploitation of natural resources
  121. Felt community powerlessness > Thwarted community enthusiasm > Breakdown of local community cohesion > Prevailing community insecurity
  122. Lack of skilled workers > Inappropriate employment incentives > Disruptive migration of trained personnel > Inadequate manpower planning
  123. Compromise as a betrayal of principles > Government treachery > Appeasement > Superficial conflict resolution
  124. Natural environment degradation > Undervaluation of natural capital > Destruction of natural barriers > Environmental hazards of exotic species introduction
  125. Neglect of environmental consequences of government policies > Uncertain environmental impact of current policy > Restrictive environmental policies > Failure of green politics
  126. Limited availability of technical expertise in remote communities > Inappropriate emphasis on prestige technology > Displacement of human intelligence by machine intelligence > Disintegration of technological capacity
  127. Prohibitive cost of water > Prohibitive irrigation costs > Inadequate water system infrastructure > Shortage of fresh-water
  128. Undermined citizen confidence > Declining community confidence in its ability to change > Lack of urgency in village operations > Debilitating education images
  129. Chronic pelvic pain > Unnecessary gynaecological surgery > Adhesion related disorders > Vulvodynia
  130. Static and unrelated social roles > Restricted opportunity for community activity > Fragmented social responsibility > Self-image unrelated to the external world
  131. Hero worship > Compulsory indoctrination > Narrowmindedness > Irresponsible nationalism
  132. Social inequality > Social discrimination > Nomadism > Illiteracy
  133. Lack of support for local commercial services > Declining local businesses > Departure of business from small communities to urban locations > Ineffectiveness of tradition-bound small business methods
  134. Bilateralism in aid > Exploitation of dependence on food aid > Reverse flow of financial aid > Restrictive conditions on loans through intergovernmental facilities
  135. Inadequate evidence to convict known offenders > False evidence > Arbitrary standards of evidence > Graymail
  136. Sexual unfulfilment > Pornography > Depersonalization of sex > Marital rape
  137. Natural human abortion > Childlessness > Artificial insemination > Multiple pregnancy
  138. Fragmentation of academic disciplines > Imbalanced research activity > Misapplication of research results > Ineffective educational policy decisions
  139. Unchallenging world vision > Reinforced parochialism of internal values and images > Parochial national interests > Lack of human unity
  140. Natural environment degradation > Undervaluation of natural capital > Commercialization of nature > Criminal offences against the environment
  141. Political corruption of the judiciary > Political police > Misuse of electronic surveillance by governments > Political intimidation
  142. Scientific ignorance > Anti-science > Inhibited scientific investigation > Irrelevant scientific activity
  143. Restricted scope of local employment > Unemployed skilled labour > Inadequate human resources development > Excessive dependence of local communities on outside services
  144. Ideological conflict > Political repression > Censorship > Repression of intellectual dissidents
  145. Cultural fragmentation > Lack of social mobility > Underprivileged minorities > Cultural deprivation
  146. Unadapted significance of cultural tradition > Loss of traditional forms of social security > Subsistence life style > Tradition-bound social structures in rural areas
  147. Unadapted community structures > Unstructured local government in small communities > Underdeveloped community leadership > Disengagement of citizens from community activities
  148. Fear of officialdom > Lack of cooperation with officialdom > Decline in civic participation > Bureaucratic aggression
  149. Human death > Fear of death > Excessive prolongation of the dying process > Pain
  150. Underpayment for work > Second employment > Lack of jobs > Unemployment
  151. Inferior status employment > Incompatibility of traditional and new technologies > Elimination of traditional skills > Lack of job satisfaction
  152. Unethical practices in the legal system > Secret laws > Proliferation of legislation > Ignorance of the law
  153. Declining agricultural land > Subsistence agricultural income level in rural communities > Lack of farmer protection > Degradation of cultivated land systems
  154. Inequality of opportunity > Plural society tensions > Segregation > Lack of assimilation
  155. Cynicism > Political apathy > Political ignorance > Ideological confusion
  156. Neglect of elderly in institutional care > Loss of decorum > Disabled elderly persons > Elderly prisoners
  157. Haphazard forms of social ethics > Inadequate community policing > Sectarianism > Fragmented social responsibility
  158. Television addiction > Parochial escapist media entertainment > Deterioration of media standards > Broadcast pornography
  159. Unfulfilled treaty obligations > Ineffective international agreements > Covert violation of international treaties > Non-verifiability of compliance with nuclear arms treaties
  160. Police indifference to community > Mistrust of police > Public assaults on police > Police demoralization
  161. Paralyzing patterns between villages and administrative structures > Reluctance of professionals to take country positions > Expectancy by rural administrations of official refusal > Prejudicial community self-reliance
  162. Irrelevant scientific activity > Anti-science > Unrigorous academic disciplines > Self-perpetuating academic sub-cultures
  163. Contradictory solutions to national economic goals > Habitual overemphasis on national self-determination > Lack of international cooperation > Fixation on partial solutions to problems
  164. Historical misrepresentation > Anachronism > Failure to profit from patterns of history > Commemoration of dishonourable historical events
  165. Substance abuse > Mental illness > Drug dependence > Illicit drug trafficking
  166. Decline > Death > Entropy > Irreversibility
  167. Fragmented planning of community life > Shrinking community life > Breakdown of local community cohesion > Fragmented community image
  168. Inadequate models of socio-economic development > Inadequate global consensus concerning problems and prospects of humanity > Fixation on partial solutions to problems > Inadequate research on proposed solutions to problems
  169. Decline > Uncertainty > Unbelief > Impairment
  170. Lack of skilled manpower in rural areas > Excessive dependence of local communities on outside services > Restricted scope of local employment > Underutilization of locally available skills
  171. Distorted exclusiveness of social groups > Theocracy > Religious discrimination > Banned religious sects
  172. Uncontrolled immigration > Delays in processing immigration requests > Refusal to issue travel documents, passports, visas > Illegal movement across frontiers
  173. Abuse of public trust by statutory professions > Placement of the burden of proof on the disempowered > False evidence > Arbitrary standards of evidence
  174. Operational ineffectiveness of international NGOs > Emasculation of role of non-governmental organizations > Unbridled competition among international NGOs for scarce resources > Inadequate funding of international NGOs
  175. Underpayment for work > Marginal level of family income > Subsistence approach to capital resources > Rural unemployment
  176. Felt community powerlessness > Lack of leadership initiative > Unformed pattern of cooperative action > Prevailing community insecurity
  177. Unfulfilled treaty obligations > Secret armies > Covert violation of international treaties > Non-verifiability of compliance with nuclear arms treaties
  178. Departure of business from small communities to urban locations > Ineffectiveness of tradition-bound small business methods > Discrimination against local community shopping facilities > Discouraging conditions for small business
  179. Academic self-promotion > Commercialization of research > Reward biased research > Plagiarism
  180. Natural environment degradation > Environmental insecurity > Insecure land tenure > Unsustainable agricultural development
  181. Misuse of agricultural land for fuel production > Unavailability of farming land > Clearance of vegetation > Shortage of firewood
  182. Inadequate models of socio-economic development > Inadequate global consensus concerning problems and prospects of humanity > Inadequate power of intergovernmental organizations > Inadequate research on proposed solutions to problems
  183. Departure of business from small communities to urban locations > Ineffectiveness of tradition-bound small business methods > Limited market development > Limited local markets for goods and services
  184. Overtrafficked residential streets > Personal isolation in modern communities > Fragmented planning of community life > Delays in community building programmes
  185. Inappropriate cash crop policy > Tropical deforestation > Drought > Environmental degradation due to creation of dams
  186. Social conflict > Scapegoats > Persecution > Social injustice
  187. Adjustment difficulties of new urban families > Urban slums > Segregation of poor and minority population in urban ghettos > Ineffective operation of community networks
  188. Elitism > Class consciousness > Class conflict > Social stratification
  189. Religious apathy > Irreligiousness > Trivialization of religious belief > Agnosticism
  190. Military offences > Unethical practices of national defence industries > Socio-economic burden of militarization > Unfed military forces
  191. Emotional disorders > Asthma > Excessive use of steroid hormones > Cushing's syndrome
  192. Fragmentation of evidence > Inadequate evidence to convict known offenders > False evidence > Arbitrary standards of evidence
  193. International insecurity > Denial of democracy in communist systems > Ideological schism in communism > Communist political imperialism
  194. Paralyzing patterns between villages and administrative structures > Inadequate external liaison > Strong external draw > Disruptive rural to urban migration
  195. Operational ineffectiveness of international NGOs > Emasculation of role of non-governmental organizations > Inadequate funding of international NGOs > Inadequate facilities for international nongovernmental organization action
  196. Fragmented planning of community life > Inadequate public services for communication > Lack of social contact > Fragmented community image
  197. Incorrect information > Prejudice > Alienation > Irresponsibility
  198. Inappropriate policies > Public resentment at government policies > Loss of institutional credibility > Irrelevant institutions
  199. Environmental insecurity > Insecure land tenure > Defective land use planning > Excessive use of land for agriculture
  200. Insufficient financial resources > Subsistence approach to capital resources > Underproductivity > Lack of funding
  201. Inconclusiveness of scientific and medical tests > Procrastination of science in the face of the unexplained > Scientific misconduct > Exaggeration of programme achievements
  202. Malignant neoplasms > Defective immune system > Tuberculosis > Skeletal system disorders
  203. Lack of child welfare institutions > After-school unsupervised children > Limited awareness of child-care opportunities > Tradition-bound childcare
  204. Neglect of the aged > Limited strength of elders > Susceptibility of the old to physical ill-health > Dependency of the elderly
  205. Living a lie > Depersonalization of responsibility > Execution of unethical orders > Blaming victims
  206. Inappropriate policies > Defective land use planning > Deficient social planning > Undemocratic policy-making
  207. Silting of water systems > Desiccation of rivers > Environmentally destructive redirection of water flows > Interruption of water courses
  208. Child-marriage > Concubinage > Trafficking in women > Forced marriage
  209. Unrealistic expectations > Conceptual repression of problems > Unproven relationships among problems > Inappropriate assumptions
  210. Political immaturity > Mediocrity of government leaders > Political apathy > Political opportunism
  211. Discrepancies in human life evaluation > Inadequate firearm regulation > Homicide > Capital punishment
  212. Irresponsible scientific and technological activity > Anti-science > Unjustly persecuted scientists > Limitation of current scientific knowledge
  213. Resistance to change > Avoidance of negative feedback > Deception by government > Suspicion of imposed change
  214. Unethical practices in the legal system > Secret laws > Proliferation of legislation > Conflict of laws
  215. Natural environment degradation > Undervaluation of natural capital > Failure to take account of externalities of systems > Undervaluation of nature in planning and decision making
  216. Criminal harm to property > Prohibitive cost of business security > Inadequate security system > Insecurity of property
  217. Global warming > Environmental insecurity > Insecure land tenure > Unsustainable agricultural development
  218. Substance abuse > Illicit trade in prescribed drugs > Overprescription of drugs > Excessive proliferation of medical drugs
  219. Financial panic > Exchange rate volatility > Instability of prices > Economic uncertainty
  220. Anti-science > Unrigorous academic disciplines > Self-perpetuating academic sub-cultures > Scientific hoaxes
  221. Natural environment degradation > Undervaluation of natural capital > Failure to take account of externalities of systems > Lack of incentive to care for community property
  222. Repression > Irreligiousness > Danger > Insecurity
  223. Lack of mental hospital services for prisoners > Refusal to accept treatment for mental illness > Delay in administration of medical care > Limited psychiatric out-patient care
  224. Restricted scope of local employment > Inappropriate employment incentives > Inadequate human resources development > Excessive dependence of local communities on outside services
  225. Unadapted community structures > Unstructured local government in small communities > Inadequate dissemination of local information > Disengagement of citizens from community activities
  226. Uncritical acceptance of dogmas and standards > Over-regulation > Restrictive agreements on product standards > Discriminatory imposition of standards
  227. Uncontrolled immigration > Proliferation of immigrants > Discrimination against immigrants and aliens > Restrictions on employment of foreigners
  228. Ignored social needs of developing countries > Economic uncertainty > Unsustainable economic development > Inadequacy of economic accounting systems